The Fourth Path: Middle-Income Countries and Prosocial AI

Policy Brief No. 230

March 5, 2026

Middle-income countries, home to 75 percent of the global population, have an opportunity to pioneer a prosocial approach to regulating artificial intelligence (AI).

Cornelia C. Walther argues that prosocial AI — systems tailored, trained, tested and targeted to advance human well-being and planetary health — offers a framework for these countries to take a fourth path to AI policy that avoids the pitfalls of the three current models and aligns technological development with sustainable and equitable outcomes, embedding these values from the design phase onward.

This fourth path demands regional cooperation among middle-income countries to share information on AI policy experiments and their outcomes; build collective capacity; and demonstrate that prosocial innovation can drive both economic competitiveness and human development.

About the Author

Cornelia C. Walther is a senior fellow at CIGI, the Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, the Wharton Neuroscience Initiative/Wharton AI & Analytics Initiative and the Harvard Learning and Innovation Lab, as well as an adjunct associate professor at the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.