Global value chains have underpinned the modern economy for decades, but growing concentration, geopolitical tensions and supply‑chain shocks are forcing governments and businesses to rethink how they are structured.

S. Yash Kalash, senior fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), explains how the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of overconcentrated supply chains. Countries are now diversifying supply and production beyond China, and India has emerged as a compelling alternative with its large workforce, democratic alignment and growing manufacturing capacity.

For Canada, a potential path forward combines Canadian minerals and innovation with Indian scale and assembly, creating a strong and resilient partnership.